Saturday, June 5, 2021

EXPLAINING THE MEANING OF GRADE WRITTEN ON BOLT HEAD

EXPLAINING THE MEANING OF GRADE WRITTEN ON BOLT HEAD:-

A fastener is a device that mechanically joins two or more objects together. In general, fasteners are used to create non-permanent joints.

That is joints that can be removed or dismantled without damaging the joining components.

Before starting we need to clear some basic mechanical engineering concepts.

Proof Load:

It is defined as the maximum tensile force that can be applied to a bolt that will not result in plastic deformation.

In other words, the material must remain in its elastic region when loaded up to its proof load.

Yield Strength:

Maximum load at which a material exhibits a specific permanent deformation or plastic deformation.

Tensile Strength:

Tensile strength is a measurement of the force required to pull something such as rope, wire, or a structural beam to the point where it breaks.

The tensile strength of a material is the maximum amount of tensile stress that it can take before failure.

In simple words “ digit written on bolt head is indicate its grade”

Now let’s explore all thing deeply.

What Does a Grade Mean?

The grade of your industrial fasteners not only determines how much stress they can stand but also why the type of tool must be used to tighten them.

For a grade 8.8

You must use the part-turn method of tightening with a torque wrench;

This is where the fold is fit snug tight with your fingers and then advanced up to three turns, depending on length and size.

Indicating washers may also be used in the part-turn method, and added security of the joint can be accomplished by using other fasteners and fixings, such as spring washers, wired heads, nuts, and split pins.

What’s the difference between 10.9 and 8.8 bolts?

The first digit relates to the ultimate strength of the material, while the second is the ratio of yield stress to ultimate strength.

Thus grade 10.9 bolts have an ultimate material tensile strength of 1000N/mm2 and the yield (or proof) stress is 90% of the ultimate strength.

Similarly, grade 8.8 bolts have an ultimate strength of 800 N/mm2 and a ratio of yield/proof stress to the ultimate strength of 80%.

Wednesday, June 2, 2021

TYPES OF PLIERS

Types of Pliers and Their Uses [with Pictures]

8 Major Types of Pliers and Their Uses :- Pliers are referred to as some of the handiest tools as they are mostly used for cutting, twisting, clamping and many more technical operations. While selecting a plier one must always look on the handle material, considering how tight the hinge will feel and how precisely the cutting surface will take place and also the overall quality of the tool.

8 Major Types of Pliers

There are 8 types of pliers which are commonly known to mankind in order to fulfil their site conditions. A detailed theory about all pliers are given below, Scroll down to know more:

1. Slip Joint Pliers: ( Types of Pliers )

A slip joint plier got its name from the slip joints. These are the types of pliers which have an adjustable pivot point that allows the two pieces of the plier to move and also extends the range of the jaws. These pliers are found gripping well the materials of varying thickness.

The jaws of the slip joint consist of two parts first at the mouth which has the flat jaws with serrated texture in order to give higher gripping at the flat surfaces. The jaws are found having a curve out in order to grip the rounded surfaces, for instance pipes and rods.

These are various other types of pliers for the general purpose and are very common in the tool kits. They work quite well in a variety of gripping applications, which depends on the particular plier feature and can find some help in applications like bending, holding, crimping metal, looping wire and cutting wire. At the end the slip joint pliers are really handy tools which must be around you while working.

2. Tongue & Groove Pliers: ( Types of Pliers )

Tongue-and-groove pliers are those pliers which operate on the same principles as that of slip joints so that they can be a subset of that category instead of an entirely separate one. These pliers are also known as the water-pump pliers, multi-grips or Channel-locks. These are the types of pliers which find the majority of their use in the plumbing applications. The best thing about these types of pliers is that they also have an adjustable pivot which will adjust lot more than the pivot of a slip joint.

It is interesting to know that the water-pump pliers are found having seven different positions, which also varies depending upon the size and the requirement. The jaws of these pliers stay in connected in a parallel position and when required can open up wider. The head of such pliers are typically angled so that the handles are longer to allow access to pipes in a tighter space.

3. Locking Pliers: ( Types of Pliers )

Locking pliers are one of the best working pliers used for clamping down things, mostly during times when having both hands free is helpful. These pliers are found having a double-lever action which allows them to act as a hand-held vise and therefore is also named as Vise-Grips that most of the people use for them.

The jaws of such type of pliers are found to close as it is expected from any other set of pliers with an added benefit of locking it down with a higher amount of pressure. The locking pliers releases the hold once the lever is triggered on the handle. The jaw width can be adjusted by dialling the screw drive at the end of the handle.

Most of the locking pliers can find action in a multitude of its applications. For instance, one can find a use of pipe wrenches, adjustable wrenches and clamps. These all are the pliers which can be used on the reusable fasteners, though before using you need to be really careful with this type of applications. There are chances which are good and needs to apply too much force with the clamping action, damaging the fasteners and fittings which are supposed to be applied to the locking pliers.

4. Linesman’s Pliers: ( Types of Pliers )

Linesman’s pliers are also termed as electrician’s pliers which have a hinge at a set pivot point. The jaws of these types of pliers are found having a flat front with a shallow serrations for flat gripping objects which also allows an electricians to twist the wires together wherever required. Just behind the front of the jaws these pliers include side cutters which is responsible for cutting the wires. Although they usually have various dipped handles and most amongst all are insulated but still one must not work on live connections with them.

5. Cutting Pliers: ( Types of Pliers )

Cutting pliers are also termed as diagonal cutting pliers which are staple in the electrical tool kit. These types of feature are relatively short jaw that set up a particular angle away from the handles. The cutting knives are extended up to the tips which gives you an ability to accurately snip wires which are in a crowded gang box or even cut small nails and screws. Other than this there are some features which gives it a longer handle in order to get an additional leverage.

6. Wire Strippers: ( Types of Pliers )

Any electrician would be in need of a good set of wire strippers in order to do any type of wiring work. Considering its most basic form, it usually includes the wire cutting blades in order to cut the same wire gauges as the stripper holes covers along with a crimping tip. The main application of a wire stripper is by giving the user a cutting edge in a circular or elliptical shape in order to cut through the insulation and leave the bare wire whenever you pull the insulation off. Each hole gets a mark along with the wire size to which it corresponds.

Most of the wire strippers and crimpers are common candidates as a multi-tool for an electrician. There are various companies which carry the basic flat steel design in order to work with a more robust design in the form of needle nose pliers.

One more additional feature which is know is similar to screw shears which moves the crimper between the handles rather than the jaw tip, a blunt tip to grab, twist or pull wire and wire benders. These are quite popular because of the fact that they typically do all of their jobs as compared to the individual tools can.

7. Needle Nose Pliers: ( Types of Pliers )

Needle nose pliers are termed as a longer jaw which tapers down to a point. These types of pliers work quite well for more delicate tasks or jobs which need to be done in any smaller space. For instance, bending wires, holding fittings, placing fasteners or even cutting, all these operations are handled well by the needle nose pliers which do a lot of work and are more heavy-duty plier as compared to all the others.

The jaws are found having a knurled surface and also includes side cutters. There are various models which have their tips bent at an angle varying from 45° to 90° in order to give an easy access in the awkward spaces.

8. Fencing Pliers: ( Types of Pliers )

This is one of the most unique type of plier. It is shaped in a way wherein a hammer with two thin handles and a pivot point is stuck. The design is realistically quite intentional with another multi-function tool. The hammer shape is given to this plier for hammering staples into wooden fencing. Moving towards the top, there is a staple with the pincers at the top in order to remove it in case it’s easier than getting the spike on the opposite side to do the job.

Under the pincers, the designed shapes gives it the ability to grab and twist various wire gauges to connect fencing wire. Often, the inside of the handles just below the jaw having knurling allows you to grab and twist wire. The parts built into the sides are the wire cutters.

Pliers Construction and Parts

Nose or Jaws

This is referred to as the working end of pliers along with the parts that varies the most from one type to another type.

Fulcrum or Pivot Point

This is referred to as the Centre of the pliers where the jaws and handles get connected. The pivot point is the one which allows you to apply enough force for the jaws in order to perform their functions well.

Cutters

It is known as the sharpened section of the pliers which is located at the base of the jaws near the fulcrum of the pliers. The cutters are mostly used for cutting wires, cables or any other material.

Handles

This is the part which is held by the user. Handles can be of various shapes like straight or curved and mostly are coated with a material for better gripping and can also be bare metal as well.

Uses of Pliers

For Day To Day Jobs

There is a need of plier in a day to day life with some of the basic cutting jobs or severing wires, punching holes etc. So it is suggested to check out the correct type of pliers for your everyday tasks in order to make it easier.

Long Nose and Needle Nose

These types of pliers are commonly used for cutting, holding, pulling or repositioning. These are the tools that come in handy category while working in cramped spaces because of the thin and long length that compensates for areas where most pliers cannot even reach. If you are an electrician than make sure to note the size and gauge of the wires in order to make sure your instrument will comply.

Use of Lineman’s Pliers

These are the pliers which are used for gripping and contorting wires and cables. These types of pliers are found in an electrical or lineman industries. These are the types of pliers which are categorized as advanced and heavy duty for the professional use.

Diagonal Cutting Pliers

These types of pliers are completely used for cutting wires. The design of the diagonal cutting pliers is responsible for strong indenting and wedging.

Revolving Punch

These are used to punch through the tough materials for example, leather, rubber, plastic and more. Also these are commonly used for crafts and hobbies wherein this tool comes in handy the user.

For Reshaping Wire

There are times when there is a need of a tool which does a tougher work like twisting and reshaping the wire. Therefore here are some of the types of pliers that can help you in getting the work done safely and accurately.

Wire Twist Pliers

These are the instruments which can mold or manipulate the wires and metals. The wire twist pliers are also used for industrial jobs like iron or metalwork in a facility, hobbies at home.

Solid Joint Pliers

These types of pliers are used in case you are in need of repairing or installing wire. Solid joint pliers are responsible for pulling and twisting wire while maintaining a firm grip for an accurate result.

For Loosening and Tightening

The biggest constraint faced was slippage which can now be resolved by these types of pliers. These can be used for loosening, tightening, clamping or performing any various other constraints.

Slip Joint Pliers

These types of pliers are used to hold on the materials firmly with safely. Slip joint pliers are commonly used for gripping or loosening various applications like pipe, wire and many more.

Tongue and Groove Pliers

These types of pliers are mostly used in order to turn or hold nuts and bolts while maintaining a firm and safe grip. Tongue and groove pliers are most commonly used in plumbing industries and electrical industries.

Hog Ring Pliers

These are the types of pliers which make the installation easier and are designed in order to tighten the metal rings around the cords. Other than this hog ring pliers are found perfect for fencing and furniture work.

Locking Pliers

These are the pliers which are responsible for holding things safely and accurately. These are the tools which were designed to make clamping seamless and to hold anything from nuts to bolts to heavy-duty equipment.

GAUGES

All About Feeler Gauge Usage

A feeler Gauge is a gauge used for measuring a set of very small gaps normally less than 1 mm between two parallel surfaces.

The thickest possible blade that can be inserted into a gap or crack shows its width. Both metric and imperial measurements are inscribed on each feeler gauge blade.

Feeler Gauge Usage

Feeler measuring of Piston Ring End Gap•Clean the cylinder walls.

•Insert the piston ring in the cylinder.

•Push the piston ring using a piston until the ring is reached to the piston pin boss.

•Take care, the end gap should not be located at the direction of the axis or perpendicular direction of the crankshaft.

•When the piston ring is inserted in the cylinder, the piston ring with facing the mark towards the cylinder head.

•Measure the piston ring end gap.

To measure PISTON RING LATERAL GAP

Insert the feeler gauge until it reaches into the ring groove.
Check at least at 3 -4 points.

To measure WARPAGE / DEFORMATION

Remove and clean the foreign matters from the surface.
Measure at the 7 positions using a straight edge and filler gauge as shown in the below picture.
Measure the clearance between the cylinder head surface and the straight scale.
Avoid the coolant passage and the oil passage.

To measure Tappet Clearance Adjustment

How To Check Tappet Clearance

1. Taking all safety precautions.

2. Make sure the piston is on TDC.

i. From the marking on the flywheel.

ii. From the fuel cam.

iii. Push rod should be free. (both the valve should be close at this stage ie at the end of compression stroke)

3. Make sure the engine has cooled down.

4. Loosen the lock nut of the rocker arm.

5. Now adjust the tappet clearance between the rocker arm & valve stem by tightening or loosing the nut below the lock nut.

6. Use a feeler gauge to adjust the suction valve clearance as .35mm an exhaust valve clearance as .45mm.

To measure Idler Gear End Clearance

To measure Big End Bearing Clearance

Feeler Gauge Sizes

The specific feeler gauge sizes included in a set depend on the number of blades in the set as well as whether the feeler gauge set is an English or metric size set.

A representative set of feeler gauge sizes for a decimal inch set is shown below in Group 1, and a decimal millimetre size set is shown in Group 2. These are based on a 25-blade count set – other blade combinations and sizes are available.

In actual use, it is often possible to stack together more than one blade to obtain a gauge for a size not included in the set.

For example, the 0.0015” and the 0.0020” sizes can be combined to provide a gauge reference for 0.0035”, which is not in the set of blades shown below in table 1.

Group 1 – Typical feeler gauge blade size chart for a 25-blade decimal inch gauge set

Blade Sizes (in Inches)
0.0015″
0.0020″
0.0030″
0.0040″
0.0050″
0.0060″
0.0070″
0.0080″
0.0090″
0.0100″
0.0110″
0.0120″
0.0130″
0.0140″
0.0150″
0.0160″
0.0170″
0.0180″
0.0190″
0.0200″
0.0210″
0.0250″
0.0270″
0.0300″
0.0400″

Group 2 – Typical feeler gauge blade size chart for a 25-blade decimal millimetre gauge set

Blade Sizes (in mm)
0.04 mm
0.05 mm
0.06 mm
0.07 mm
0.08 mm
0.09 mm
0.10 mm
0.15 mm
0.20 mm
0.25 mm
0.30 mm
0.35 mm
0.40 mm
0.45 mm
0.50 mm
0.55 mm
0.60 mm
0.65 mm
0.70 mm
0.75 mm
0.80 mm
0.85 mm
0.90 mm
0.95 mm
1.00 mm

Saturday, June 5, 2021