Types of Spanners :- Spanners are used most often more than any other tool for tightening or opening different jobs. Spanners are constructed of (material of construction) generally forged steel or carbon steel. These spanners are found in very wide range in shapes & their sizes respectively as per the different job requirements. Apart from that, screwdrivers are also used to tightening & loosening to any given job or screw.
Types of spanners
Spanners types are following listed below:
1. Open end spanners
In open end spanners, as the name suggest one end is open which provides to hold the nuts or bolts heads or grip that to either tight or loose it. Open end spanner is also known as single end spanners their known size is basically difference between their respective jaws. The selection of spanner would be the subject of based on the nut & bolts sizes to be used.
2. Double end spanners
In the double end spanners, both of the ends are opened to hold the bolts & nuts with the help of this equipment. In double end spanners both ends are formed at angle difference of 15 -30 degree in b/w their body. These spanners are most widely used spanner in operation.
3. Ring spanner
In these types of spanners one or both ends are rounds rings that are made up for grip nut & bolt in order to tight or loose them. These rings are constructed downward & upwards to each other at their respective different ends. Inside of these rings (each) teeth are constructed for hexagonal heads so nuts &bolts can be gripped easily. There are some types of rings spanners which are not bent.
4. Socket spanner
Socket spanners are found in the form of round socket at the one end square hole is formed while on to the other end of socket spanner grooves are provided with respect to the sizes of nuts & bolts as likes of spanner. Inside of the square hole tommy bar is fixed whose shape is also square. These are available in sixes in all forms of sets.
5. Box spanner
Box spanner is made up of thin pipes on one end or both, ends re equipped with six sides for grip nut & bolts. Holes are formed across the rod of spanner at one or both end. Box spanners are used in deeper spaces.
6. Combination spanners
In this spanner one end is open whole other end is making like the ring spanner is made. Both ends of this types of spanner are of equal sizes.
7. Hook spanner
These are made up of Nuts which have “o” nuts holes on to their body. There are no faces on their nuts. So the pin of the spanners fixed with the hole & performed the function of tightening or looses them.
8. Adjustable spanner
Adjustable spanners are special types of spanner tool. These are also known as screw wrench. It jaws can be expanded or narrowed down to tight or lose the nut. They are used for those nuts where no other spanner fits well enough for better operation performance.
Types of Lathe Chuck :- A lathe chuck is basically a part of lathe machine which is set up on the headstock of a lathe. The lathe chuck operates either manually or using power supply. The main use of lathe chuck is to hold the material block which is operated upon. It holds the piece to be machines, when it is rotating. It can hold both symmetrical as well as asymmetrically shaped objects (especially the ones lacking radial symmetry).Apart from lathe machines the chucks are also used in places such as milling machine.
A Lathe machine can be basically defined as a device that rotates the blocks of a given material in order to make a job. Operations such as grinding and cutting are implemented to the material. Normally lathes are used to shape objects with rotational uniformity. The lathe operates on materials generally made up of-
Wood
Metal like aluminum, steel, titanium
Plastics, wax, Delrin’s etc.
(It is to be taken care that any material block which is used should be within the size boundaries of the lathe (generally 8” dia and 42” length)
Types of Lathe Chuck
Broadly speaking there are basically seven types of lathe chuck used in lathe machines, namely-
1) Magnetic Chucks 2) Four Jaw Independent Chuck 3) Combination Chuck 4) Three Jaw Universal Chuck 5) Collet Chuck 6) Drill Chuck 7) Air Chuck or Hydraulic Chuck
1. Magnetic Chucks: (Types of Lathe Chuck)
The magnetic chuck is used for gripping very lean pieces. These lean pieces are made up of magnetic material which cannot be gripped in an ordinarily chuck. Many a times there is a chance of bending, buckling, twisting or any kind of deformation of the work piece due to pressure of the jaws of ordinary chucks. At such instances, Magnetic lathes are used.
The chuck has either electromagnets or permanent magnets installed in it. It is from these magnets, that the chuck obtains the radiating magnetic flux. This magnetism aids the chuck to hold the work piece.
How the magnetic chuck works-
When the lathe is turned on, the magnetic flux passes through the work piece and holds it. When the lathe is turned off the magnets are removed. The magnets are then brought in contact with high permeable items known as keepers. These keepers short-circuit the flux, thereby preventing the flux from passing through the work piece.
2. Four Jaw Independent Chuck:
In the four-jaw independent chuck, each of the stepped jaw is separately operated by a different screw. With the help of this characteristic allows the four- jaw independent chuck to fasten any shape. Shapes such as round, rectangular, square, irregular etc can be fastened by this type of chuck using between tow and all four of the available jaws.
Excess features slow down the operation process and also takes a lot of practice to operate on it. This chuck also requires the help of an indicator gauge. The jaws of this chuck are also changeable. The can be used for clamping inside or outside according to the task. As an advantage, the four-jaw independent chuck is the most reasonably priced type of lathe chuck
3. Combination Chuck: (Types of Lathe Chuck)
A combination of chuck is used both as a
Self-centering chuck
Independent chuck
This specific feature of this chuck helps to make benefits of both the types of chucks. The jaws are operated independently by separate screws. They are also operated by the scroll disc. The frame consists of teeth cut on its bottom which interlocked with the scroll. These jaws along with the screws move radially. This movement takes place when the scroll is rotated by a pinion.
4. Three Jaw Universal Chuck: (Types of Lathe Chuck)
The three jaw lathe chuck is the most widely used chuck. The jaws of this chuck are at an angle of 120 degrees from each other. These jaws are made up of high- quality steel.
When the chuck is operated the jaw teeth are made to connect with the bevel teeth. This interlocking causes a moment of all three jaws either towards or away from the chuck centre. This moment depends upon the direction of rotation of the bevel pinion. The chuck key, which is a square end key, operates the pinion.
The three jaw lathe chuck is generally employed for gripping shapes such as round and hexagonal shaped work pieces. The three-jaw chuck has this unique feature that the job is centralized automatically in very less time. This chuck suffers from a disadvantage that the holding capacity becomes less as only three jaws are used and centering precision is soon lost due to wear.
5. Collet Chuck: (Types of Lathe Chuck)
Collet chucks are generally employed for griping bar stock in factories or industries, where the work is required to be quickly set and accurately centered.
The chuck is connected to the spindle by a nut. A collet is a lean cylinder shaped bushing. This collet has slots cut along its length on its periphery. The inside bore of the collet is of the following shapes- hexagonal, cylindrical, square, etc. This shape depends upon the shape of the work-piece passing through it.
The exterior surface of the collet is tapered. This tapered surface inserts in the taper hole on the body of the chuck. The tail end which is threaded, this tail end interlocks with a key.
When the key is rotated from outside, it draws the collet inside. This leads to the split tapered end to be pressed inside due to the springy movement. This makes the work piece to be firmly held in the chuck with precision. And the work piece is securely and accurately held in the chuck. A number of varieties of sizes of collectors are used for griping different sizes of the bar stock.
7. Drill Chuck: (Types of Lathe Chuck)
A drill chuck is generally used for holding linear shank drill, reamer, or tap for drilling, reaming or tapping operation. The chuck can be mounted either in headstock or in the tailstock spindle. The drill chuck consists of centering jaws. These centering jaws are run by rotating a key.
6. Air Chuck or Hydraulic Operated Chuck:
The Air chuck or Hydraulic operated chucks are generally employed in mass production work. This chuck has a quick and effective holding calibre. The appliance of air or hydraulic operated chuck is composed of a hydraulic or air cylinder.
This cylinder is fixed at the rear end of the headstock spindle and turns with it. The fluid pressure is conveyed to the cylinder by handling a valve with a lever and the piston will drop within the cylinder. The motion of the piston is imparted to the jaws by a connecting rod and links and the jaws hold the work-piece securely.
Radiator Types and Construction :- In common language, the radiators are referred to as heat exchangers which are used to transfer the thermal energy from one medium to the other with a purpose of cooling and heating. A radiator consists of a large amount of cooling surface which contains a huge quantity of air that gets spread through the effect of water in order to cool down.
The radiator is found having a wide range of application in an automobile industry as there are various uses that cool the temperatures of an internal combustion engine in the automobile. These are popularly used in piston-engine aircraft, motorcycles and stationary generating plants. The material used in making of a radiator is usually copper and brass due to their high heat conductivity.
Types of Radiator
It is important to know about the types of radiator. So scroll down to know about the two types of radiators.
Tubular type
Cellular type
1. Tubular Type Core
The tubular type core radiators comprises of the upper and the lower tanks which are connected with a series of tubes which is used for passing water. Fins are usually placed across the tubes in order to improve the transfer of heat.
As water passes through all the tubes in a tubular radiator even if one tube gets clogged, the effect of cooling for the entire tube is lost. The tubular radiator type is constructed from steel which is then powder painted and is mounted with a stainless tubular heating element that is joined in an insulating plate.
It is advised that this type of radiator should only operate in high power as it becomes too hot on the surface. Also it should be equipped with a protection grate.
2. Cellular Type Core
The cellular type core is the radiator wherein the air passes through the tubes and the water flows through the spaces available between them. The core consists of a large number of individual air molecules which are surrounded by the effect of water and due to its appearance, the cellular type is usually known as a honeycomb radiator.
Construction of Radiator
The construction of a radiator consists of the below mentioned components which work in order to make a radiator efficient.
Upper Tank
Lower Tank
Tubes
Filler Cap
Fins
1. Upper Tank: (Radiator Types and Construction)
The coolant gets heated by absorbing the heat of the engine, wherein the liquid expands and creates pressure in the radiator exceedingly. This pressure is responsible for causing the coolant to get higher as compared to the pressure cap which is important to prevent the leakage of the excess coolant which needs to be captured safely. The fluid which is in excess flows into the pipe and then moves into the overflow tank.
The engine of the vehicle emits heat which is settled by the action of the coolant. After this the coolant gets contracted instead of expanding which results in increasing the volume of the coolant. The effect of vacuum takes place wherever the pressure is found decreasing and allows easy excess of the coolant in the overflow tank so that it can back and then it can return to the radiator. The material of the tanks could be brass, plastic, polyamide etc.
2. Lower Tank: (Radiator Types and Construction)
Once it has been passed through the tubes which radiate heat, the fins in the body of the radiator the bottom tank receives the cooling water.
When it attains a significant temperature then the thermostat releases water at 180 degrees Fahrenheit. The water is found losing 100 degree Fahrenheit depending upon the ambient air temperature and the efficiency of the radiator meanwhile it reaches the bottom tank. The water pump holds this cooled water as a back-up which can get back in the block when it is again heated up.
3. Tubes: (Radiator Types and Construction)
When it is on its way to the opposite tank, the coolant gets passed through the radiator tubes. This is how it transfers heat to the tubes that transfer the heat to the fins which are attached amongst the rows. The head of fins transfers the heat flow to the ambient air.
The tubes of radiator are mostly made up of brass. The use of aluminium increases over the vast majority of vehicular radiator applications.
4. Filler cap: (Radiator Types and Construction)
When the coolant expands the high temperature of the coolant leads to an increase in the pressure in the cooling system. The coolant is supressed in the tank which increases the amount of pressure in the tank.
There is a pressure relief valve which is used to open the filler cap, which allows the air to escape. The partial vacuum which is formed in the cooling system whenever the coolant temperature reaches to normal it causes a vacuum in the tank as the Coolant gets extracted from the tank.
5. Fins: (Radiator Types and Construction)
Fins are referred to as the surfaces which are used to increase the rate of to or fro heat transfer from the environment which is then extended from the surface by increasing the convection. Fins on the other hand also increase the surface area which can be an economical solution to transfer problems of heat.
Working Principle Of A Radiator
The radiator is a quite simple device mostly made of aluminum. Radiators usually consist of a tank on the either side or inside the tank of a transmission cooler. Mostly these types of radiators are found having an aluminum mesh.
This aluminum device consists of two ports first is the inlet and second is the outlet port. The interior of the radiator comprises of tubes which are mounted in a parallel arrangement in which the aluminum fins are attached to all the tubes.
The working of a radiator is not typical. The coolant moves from the inlet port to the outlet outlet and then passes through many tubes which are mounted in a parallel arrangement, in a radiator. The hot water goes into the radiator through the inlet port where a fan is attached behind the radiator to cool down the hot water in the tubes. The fan is installed to blow the air, to cool down the water. Therefore, the cooler water comes out which had entered before and then goes back to the engine.
The fins of aluminum are attached to the tubes which are termed as tubulator. The tubes are filled with hot coolant which comes from the engine. This makes the heat go off from this aluminum coat by passing the air through the fan which is responsible for cooling down the aluminum coat. In case the fluid flows very smoothly through the tubes, then only the fluid touching the tubes would be cooled directly. After this it gets cold and then back to the engine.
Cooling System in Engine
Radiator Types and Construction
Here you will get to learn how a radiator gets cold which is installed in the front side of the car. The front side of the car includes an engine, a water pump and a thermostat. Once the car is started, the coolant starts running through the engine and as the engine warms up the coolant starts getting heated and the hot coolant is send to the radiator in order let it cool down. Once it gets cool, then the coolant goes back into the engine.
1. The Fan
The fan is usually mounted at the backside of the radiator on the water pump shaft. Once the engine runs at a low speed it can certainly be insufficient to produce the desired cooling from the nature. This is the main purpose of a fan. This is one of the most important component which plays a vital role in cooling the engine.
2. Thermostat
The thermostat is responsible for cooling the coolant which runs through the engine. Once the temperature of the coolant is increased and the engine is warmed up then the thermostat is responsible for detecting it and then it passes the coolant back through the radiator after which the coolant will cool through the radiator. This is how a thermostat is used to detect the temperature and work to decrease its temperature.
3. Water Pump
The water pump is used to increase the velocity of the water which is circulating. Once the low-temperature coolant passes through the water pump it pumps the coolant back into the engine. This is how a water pump works in cooling the engine and the coolant.
You Can Drive a Car Without Radiator?
A car can work without a radiator but on the other end is quite risky and is not suggested. The car is safe until the engine is not heated or over heated. In case you do not run it on longer routes for the engine to get too hot, then it is not at all an issue but in case the car gets overheated you will have to immediately shut down the car and let it to cool off.
Talking about the theory, the radiators are completely optional as air cooled engines have existed for a very long period. These radiators comprises of cooling fins which are used to extract the heat and release it into the air. Whereas, in case the car is designed to require a radiator one would definitely need one so removing it won’t be beneficial.
What Cause of Overheating Engine?
Overheating in an engine is caused due to an insufficient quantity of water present in the cooling system. One more reason for overheating is the clogged radiator condition which does not let the water pass, belt slipping, imperative thermostat, late ignition timing, incorrect valve timing, pre-ignition, bearing being too tight, low engine oil, clogging of the exhaust system etc.
How to Recognize a Bad Radiator?
If the coolant is unable to get to the engine it might get heated which can be a sign that the radiator is not working.
The hoses can be clogged or sometimes the level of the coolant can also be too low.
You can find a warning light on the dashboard which can indicate the temperature gauge being too hot.
If there is a broken hose or in case the radiator gets corroded or rusted, you may notice the smell of antifreeze or a tell-tale puddle on the garage floor.
If the smoke is found from beneath the hood, it is possible that the coolant might have leaked into the motor which might get burnt off.
If the smoke is observed coming out from the muffler, it is possible that the head gasket has been damaged from the heat of the engine.
Merits Of Radiator
Here are some of the merits of a Radiator which are mentioned below. Scroll down to know more:
The radiator is of good heat dissipation. It obviously saves material and energy.
Good performance of oxidation corrosion resistance
They are highly responsive.
They are environmentally friendly so they pollute less.
They are easy to mould and thus can various design patterns.
Materials like ceramic, cast iron are used to construct a radiator which holds the heat.
Demerits of Radiator
Knowing the merits are not sufficient, therefore one must know about the demerits of a radiator which are as follows:
The loss of energy takes place in the form of heat if it is not maintained properly.
The operations are highly noised.
It needs an adequate amount of airflow so that the radiator can work properly.
The heats from the unit gets trapped around the unit which decreases the comfort levels within your home and creates drafts and cold spots.
Radiators can get extremely heated which cannot be touched while working. Therefore, it should be avoided from the pets and kids while the radiator is in running.
Applications Of Radiator
For a learner it is very important to know the usage as well as the application of Radiator. So scroll down to know some of the most common applications of radiator:
To cool the oil present in the motor or the fluid of power steering.
Types of vices And Their Applications :- A vice is a mechanical apparatus that is used in securing an object to allow work to be performed on it i.e., to hold a work piece rigid at a stationary position. Vices consist of two corresponding jaws, one is static and the other can be moved in and out by a screw and a lever. It is used in multiple areas and fields such as a mechanical workshop, metalworking, woodworking etc.
The vice is attached to the bench, and therefore named as a bench vice or workbench vice. The bench vice are attached to a bench to give the operators comfort or ease while using the vice and to be easily accessible also.
If the working surface is stable a bench vice doesn’t need to be attached to the workbench. It can be attached directly to the surface or the side. A vice is entirely made up of metal because of this reason, the linings in the jaws are made with wood or some similar kind of materials. This assists the integrity of the work piece. Jaws are replaceable if worn out over time.
Bench vise
The complete construction of the bench vise is made up of cast iron. Both of the jaws of this vice are made of tool steel and the spindle handle of the vice is made up of mild steel. This vice has wide range of applications in a workshop.
bench vise parts and function
The parts of the bench vise are as follows:- ❏ Base ❏ Spindle ❏ Handle ❏ Fixed Jaw ❏ Movable Jaw ❏ Jaw Plate
Construction of bench vise
The fixed jaw of the bench vice is cast along with the vice and the movable jaw is fixed with it. In both types of jaws, the tool steel plate is attached with a plate screw, which has dents in it. These dents are the reason for the grip of the job being very strong. If the jaw plate gets damaged it can also be replaced.
The spindle of the bench vice is fitted opposite to the movable jaw, which is fixed with the help of a spring and a pin. This spindle sets in the box-nut tightened in the fixed jaw. The holder of the round rod of the bench vice is settled in a hole made in the origin part of the vice. By revolving this handle of the vice the movable jaw moves ahead or backwards. The job is held between these two jaws (the fixed one and the movable one). The vice size is measured by its breadth. The Vice is tightened with two or three bolts on the round table.
Types of Vices and their Applications
1. Pipe Vice: ( Types of Vices )
The pipe vice is used in the plumbing work to hold the pipes in the vice to secure the tubing when cutting or threading is done. It is designed to hold the vice pipes which are as small as 3mm or as large as 200 mm. It may be fitted on a workbench or may be used with a mobile tripod stand. The mobile tripod stand is usually used for projects to be performed outside the workshop, they are portable, and are easy to transport. We can combine two or more for longer pipes.
2. Machine Vice: ( Types of Vices )
It is important to hold a job strongly for performing operations like milling, drilling, slotting or shaping. For doing the work for such operations machine vice is used. This machine vice is fixed on the table. The T bolts are used, which fasten the vice tightly and easily in the “T’” slot.
Types of machine vice
A) Plane machine vice
The plane machine Vice is used to fasten light jobs. It is also called the light-duty machine vice. Its fixed jaw is the one longer in the size. And the movable jaw moves ahead or backwards on revolving the spindle.
B) Flange machine vice
The flange machine vice is also known as the heavy-duty machine vice. For fastening the type of jobs that get frequent shocks at the moment of machining this type of machine vice is used. On one of the ends of the spindle, a square end is made which contains a box type handle fixed to it, to revolve it.
C) Universal machine vice
This is a machine vice that is highly useful and widely used. The quality of this machine vice is that with it job can be held in various positions such as ❏ Horizontal ❏ Vertical ❏ Angular. It is majorly used in tool-making.
D) Vertical machine vice
The next type of machine vice is vertical machine vice. This vice is different from all other kinds of vice. As the name suggests in this vice jobs are held in a vertical position. This vice consists of flanges instead of jaws. It is very easily operable.
E) Swivel machine vice
In construction and shape, the swivel machine vice is similar to a flange machine vice but it has a different kind of base, the vice can be revolved at any angle, with the help of this machine base. It has the quality which is that without separating the job from the vice straight or angular machining can be done.
3. Metalworking Vice: ( Types of Vices )
These types of vices are also called an engineer’s vice or a machinist vice. It holds the metal piece in place. A metalworking vice is occasionally made up of cast steel but largely made up of cast iron; steel is used in making its channel bar. The cast is strong, rigid and inexpensive and therefore it is used here. Usually cutting and filing operations are done with metalworking vice.
Jaws in this metalworking vice are often separated in the piece so that they can be replaceable. For the delicate work, the jaws of the metalworking vice are covered with a soft layer of material such as aluminum, wood, copper or plastic. This is done with the purpose to protect the material. Metalworking vice is usually screwed on a workbench, with the front of the jaws projecting out a little over the front edge. The metalworking vices may also have tiny anvil behind the vice bodies.
4. Woodworking Vice: ( Types of Vices )
This type of Vice is used in the woodworking shop. The construction of such vices is made up of jaws. One jaw grips the work piece and the second jaw moves against the other to hold the work piece tightly. A screw mechanism allows the firm working of the jaw. Woodwork vice is made typically of wood, plastic and metal. Depending on the specific application it has to perform.
5. Heavy-duty Vice: ( Types of Vices )
The heavy-duty bench vice mostly made up of iron, so that it can control heavy applications that are applied to it. The parts of a heavy-duty vice include: – separated steel jaws, ACME-threaded main screw and a precision slide bar. Heavy-duty bench vices are present in the stationary platform.
6. Medium duty bench Vice: ( Types of Vices )
The medium-duty bench vice is closely related to the earlier discussed heavy-duty bench vice. It is also made up of iron and also gives the chance of replacing its steel top jaws. A few of these types of jaws also feature 360-degree swivel and a built-in anvil.
7. Yoke Vice: ( Types of Vices )
The yoke vice is also called the hinged vice or the adjustable jaw vice, this vice uses a screw to clamp the pipe in place. A fixed V-shaped lower jaw and a moveable upper jaw hold the lengths of the pipe of the vice firmly. These jaws are serrated for the suitable and proper gripping of the object.
8. Chain Vice: ( Types of Vices )
A chain vice takes the help of a chain to secure the pipe. The pipe is kept strongly in a v-shape by the clamping. This chain is made of steel having high tensile strength, to make it work well with irregular pipes or other objects. The chain vice tends to have a broader working range and large capacity because the length of the chain is responsible for limiting the working range of the vice.
The whole perimeter of the pipe is defined by the big clamping area of the chain. One of the worst disadvantages of the chain vice is that the securing of a pipe in place with a chain pipe vice takes a lot more time than the other types of vices and it is so because the chain should be carefully and properly threaded between the jaws of the tool to clamp the pipe firmly in place.
9. Leg Vice: ( Types of Vices )
The leg vice is generally used in the blacksmith shop. A hot job is fastened in it, and blacksmith’s operations like bending forging, etc. are done. In a hanging manner, it is fitted in the workbench.
It contains only 1 leg which is straightway placed on wood. The two jaws (the movable jaw and fixed jaw) are joined with each other through a hinge. Between these two jaws, a strong spring leaf is fixed, with the help of which the movable jaw handle opens easily when it is revolved. On the upper side of both the jaws, there is a spindle fitted in which square threads are cut.
A nut box is fitted for the movable jaw to open towards the outside when the handle is revolved. Its whole body is made of rough iron. That is why when we strike it with a hammer it blows and it does not have any bad effect.
10. Hand Vice: ( Types of Vices )
This vice is highly similar to the leg vice having a long leg and opens like that vice. Only jobs smaller in size can be held in this vice.
As the name suggests, it is held in hand and cannot be fixed on a workbench. Instead of a handle, a wing nut is used which is a point on the spindle fixed between the two jaws (fixed one and the movable one ). The spring load is fixed due to which it can easily open.
11. Combination Hand Vice: ( Types of Vices )
The combination hand vice can be used both in the form of a small bench vice and a hand vice. It can be practiced as a hand vice. It is also provided with a base clamp. With the help of this clamp, it can be fitted on the bench also. And In this way, it functions as a small bench vice.
Its distinguishing feature from others is that by loosening its wing nut, like a swivel vice, it can be fitted at any desired angle. And in this, the combination hand vice is made by the steel forging process. Right Hand and Left-Hand threads of the spindle are cut. So both the jaws open or close simultaneously at the same time with ease.
12. Tool maker’s Vice: ( Types of Vices )
It is generally for holding non-ferrous metal works and other little work by the tool makers. Its jaws are made plain, which avoids the bruising of the work. This vice is not required to fit on the table. It can be either held in the hand or simply placed on a table for filing etc.
13. Pin Vice: ( Types of Vices )
The pin vice works like a little drill chuck. There are 3 jaws like a chuck in the pin vice. The top part is thin and long which is made of six or eight panes. The vice body has a hole that is used to hold wires or pins. We can open the pin vice and close it tightly by hand force. It can be used to hold a screw, a pin, etc. by the watchmakers or instrument makers.
Safety measures to take while using vice
Do not repair a vice by brazing or welding
Do not apply too much pressure at the vice jaw corner
be careful that the nuts and bolts are tight and properly fixed
Do not weld any metal to the base of the vice
Do not bend a heavy metal on a light vice
Do not cut into the jaws of the vice
choose the material, metal for the vice wisely.
Always be alert while using the machinery
the connections and joints need to be made being alert
Do not beat the handle for fighting it
Never take the jaw of the vice to be an anvil
Discontinue the use of any vice that has cracks
Do not open the vice wider than they were designed to use.
Types of Hacksaw Blade & Hacksaw Frame :- A hacksaw is a fine-toothed saw, originally designed to cut metal whereas a bow saw is the equivalent saw for cutting wood. Hacksaws are hand tools used to cut metal that is too thick or hard for the cutters.
A Hacksaw consists of basically two main elements: 1) A frame with a handle 2) A blade.
Hacksaw blades are usually classified as either flexible or hardened; the variations in terms of coarseness, teeth pitch and length also have to be taken into consideration when you are choosing the proper hacksaw for your task.
Hacksaw Design
Most of the hacksaws are a type of handsaws with a C-shaped walking frame to hold the blade under tension. Such type of hacksaws usually has a handle, mostly a pistol grip, having pins for joining a narrow disposable blade. To accommodate blades of different sizes the frames may also be adjustable. A screw or some other mechanism can be used to put the thin blade under tension.
In most of the frame saws the hacksaws, the blade could be installed on the teeth having its face towards or away from the holder which is used in cutting operation whether on the push or the pull stroke. Normally for cutting vertically downwards the hacksaw blades are set to be facing forwards with work held in a bench vice.
Parts of Hacksaw
Following are given the main part of a hacksaw:- 1) Hacksaw frame 2) Hacksaw blade 3) Adjustable wing nut 4) Adjustable screw 5) handle 6) stud
1. Hacksaw Frame
Its shape is like the English letter “C” of the English language. On one of the ends of these arms, there is a handle is fixed and on the other end, there is a pin is fixed. A hacksaw blade is first fitted on these pins and then it is tightened according to need with the help of a flying nut or the wing nut. Mainly there are two types of hacksaw frames which are as follows:
Types of Hacksaw Frame
Following are given the two main types of hacksaw frames: the first one is the Fixed Hacksaw Frame and the other one is the adjustable Hacksaw frame
1) Fixed Hacksaw Frame
To make this type of hacksaw frame, a portion of the flat iron strip is bent at the right angle. In this kind of frame, the hacksaw blades having a specific size can be fixed neither of the short size or long size. There are two types of handles that are used here: 1- Straight handle 2- Pistol type handle
2) Adjustable Hacksaw Frame
In an adjustable type of hacksaw frames, the structure is a little different from a fixed frame. The frame of the adjustable hacksaw is made in two parts. These components can be adjusted at various lengths. Due to this in this hacksaw, big and small hacksaw blades of the different types can be used.
There are sufficient numbers of pin and channels to pull, adjust and set them. These types of handles are used in this hacksaw: 1- Straight handle 2- pistol-type handle 3- Tubular type handle 4- Flexible Blades
2. Hacksaw Blade
The standard hacksaw blade lengths are 10 to 12 inches (250 to 300 mm). Blades can vary in size and be as small as 6 inches (150 mm). Powered hacksaws generally use large blades in a variety of sizes, or small machines use the same hand blades for small operations.
The pitch of the teeth can be from 14 to 32 TPI (teeth per inch) for a hand blade, with nearly 3 TPI for a large power hacksaw blade. The thickness of the material which is to be cut decides which blade is to be used, with a minimum of three teeth in the material. As hacksaw teeth are so small in size, they are placed in a “wave” set. As for the other saws they are placed from side to side to provide clearance or kerf when sawing, but the set of a hacksaw changes generally from tooth to tooth in a curve, rather than alternate teeth set left and right.
‘Low Alloy’ Blades
Types of Hacksaw Blade: – Hacksaw blades are normally very brittle, so care needs to be taken by the operator to avoid brittle fracture of the blade. Early blades which were made of carbon steel are now termed as ‘low alloy’ blades and are relatively flexible and soft. They prevent breakages, but also wore out rapidly. Except where cost is a major concern, this type is now rarely used and considered as out of date. ‘Low alloy’ blades are the only type available for the junior hacksaw, which results in the limited usefulness of this otherwise popular saw.
For several decades now, high-speed steel has been used for the teeth of hacksaw blades, providing greatly improved cutting and tooth life. In beginning, these blades were first accessible in the ‘All-hard’ mode which cut perfectly but it was very weak. This resulted in their limited practical use to bench work on a work piece that was firmly held in a vice. A softer form of the high-speed steel blade was also available, which wore better and resisted breakage to an extent, but was less stiff and so less preferred for accurate sawing.
Types of Hacksaw Blades
The Following given are the main types of hacksaw blade: ● Course Grade Hacksaw Blade ● Medium Grade Hacksaw Blade ● Fine Grade Hacksaw Blade ● Superfine Grade Hacksaw Blade ● all Hard Blade
1. Course Grade Hacksaw Blade
This type of Hacksaw blade is practiced for cutting width of mild steel, copper, aluminum and brass etc. these are having 14 to 18 teeth per inch.
2. Medium Grade Hacksaw Blade
This type of Hacksaw blade is practiced for cutting all kinds of metals like cast iron, tool steel, aluminum, brass, high carbon steel etc. From 20 to 24 TPI (teeth per inch) are cut in this hacksaw blade.
3. Fine Grade Hacksaw Blade
This type of hacksaw blade is mainly used to cut the thinner pipes, sheets, tubes etc. These blades are having 24 to 30 dents per inch.
4. Superfine Grade Hacksaw Blade
For cutting exceptional hard metals and light metal sheets, a very thin kind of hacksaw blade is utilized. These blades are having 30 to 32 dents per inch
In all the hacksaw blades of different categories stated here, the teeth are made on one or both sides. These blades are strengthened in two separate manners and this depends on their characteristics.
5. All Hard Blade
The nature of these blades includes that they are hard and tempered only except the ends where they have holes which make them slightly weak. These are utilized for cutting cast iron or mould iron etc.
6. Flexible Blade
In blades of this nature, only the cutting teeth and nearby part is hardened and tempered. But this method becomes flexible and it has a low risk of being brittle and get broken in the event of a shock. These blades are utilized for cutting thin sheets, pipes, curves etc.
Methods of Using Hacksaw
Hacksaw blade should be installed on the frame very accurately. It should not be very firm nor very loose.
The job which is to be cut should not be held in a vice much high otherwise there would be vibrations in it.
Hacksaw blade should not be allowed to become slanting while using a hacksaw. There are possibilities that it may break because of slating
If the blade starts cutting in a slanting manner we should start a fresh cut.
The new blade can break if it is operated in an old slot.
